Biography of Ernest Lawrence, Inventor of the Cyclotron

Biography of Ernest Lawrence, Inventor of the Cyclotron Ernest Lawrence (August 8, 1901–August 27, 1958) was an American physicist who invented the cyclotron, a device used to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern with the help of a magnetic field. The cyclotron and its successors have been integral to the field of high-energy physics. Lawrence received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention. Lawrence also played an essential role in the Manhattan Project, procuring much of the uranium isotope used in the atomic bomb launched on Hiroshima, Japan. In addition, he was notable for advocating government sponsorship of large research programs, or Big Science. Fast Facts: Ernest Lawrence Occupation: PhysicistKnown For: Winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the cyclotron; worked on the Manhattan ProjectBorn: August 8, 1901 in Canton, South DakotaDied: August 27, 1958 in Palo Alto, CaliforniaParents: Carl and Gunda LawrenceEducation: University of South Dakota (B.A.), University of Minnesota (M.A.), Yale University (Ph.D.)Spouse: Mary Kimberly (Molly) BlumerChildren: Eric, Robert, Barbara, Mary, Margaret, and Susan Early Life and Education Ernest Lawrence was the eldest son of Carl and Gunda Lawrence, who were both educators of Norwegian ancestry. He grew up around people who went on to become successful scientists: his younger brother John collaborated with him on the medical applications of the cyclotron, and his childhood best friend Merle Tuve was a pioneering physicist. Lawrence attended Canton High School, then studied for a year at Saint Olaf College in Minnesota before transferring to the University of South Dakota. There, he earned his bachelor’s degree in chemistry, graduating in 1922. Initially a premed student, Lawrence switched to physics with the encouragement of Lewis Akeley, a dean and a professor of physics and chemistry at the university. As an influential figure in Lawrence’s life, Dean Akeley’s picture would later hang on the wall of Lawrence’s office, a gallery that included notable scientists such as Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford. Lawrence earned his master’s degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1923, then a Ph.D. from Yale in 1925. He remained at Yale for three more years, first as a research fellow and later assistant professor, before becoming an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1928. In 1930, at the age of 29, Lawrence became a full professor at Berkeley- the youngest-ever faculty member to hold that title. Inventing the Cyclotron Lawrence came up with the idea of the cyclotron after poring over a diagram in a paper written by the Norwegian engineer Rolf Wideroe. Wideroes paper described a device that could produce high-energy particles by â€Å"pushing† them back and forth between two linear electrodes. However, accelerating particles to high enough energies for study would require linear electrodes that were too long to contain within a laboratory. Lawrence realized that a circular, rather than linear, accelerator could employ a similar method to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern. Lawrence developed the cyclotron with some of his first graduate students, including Niels Edlefsen and M. Stanley Livingston. Edlefsen helped develop the first proof-of-concept of the cyclotron: a 10-centimeter, circular device made of bronze, wax, and glass. Subsequent cyclotrons were larger and capable of accelerating particles to higher and higher energies. A cyclotron roughly 50 times bigger than the first was completed in 1946. It required a magnet that weighed 4,000 tons and a building that was about 160 feet in diameter and 100 feet tall. Manhattan Project During World War II, Lawrence worked on the Manhattan Project, helping to develop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb required the â€Å"fissionable† isotope of uranium, uranium-235, and needed to be separated from the much more abundant isotope uranium-238. Lawrence proposed that the two could be separated because of their small mass difference, and developed working devices called â€Å"calutrons† that could separate the two isotopes electromagnetically. Lawrence’s calutrons were used to separate out uranium-235, which was then purified by other devices. Most of the uranium-235 in the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, Japan was obtained using Lawrence’s devices. Later Life and Death After World War II, Lawrence campaigned for Big Science: massive government spending on large scientific programs. He was part of the U.S. delegation at the 1958 Geneva Conference, which was an attempt to suspend the testing of atomic bombs. However, Lawrence became ill while at Geneva and returned to Berkeley, where he died one month later on August 27, 1958. After Lawrences death, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were named in his honor. Legacy Lawrence’s largest contribution was the development of the cyclotron. With his cyclotron, Lawrence produced an element that did not occur in nature, technetium, as well as radioisotopes. Lawrence also explored the cyclotron’s applications in biomedical research; for example, the cyclotron could produce radioactive isotopes, which could be used to treat cancer or as tracers for studies in metabolism. The cyclotron design later inspired particle accelerators, such as the synchrotron, which have been used to make significant strides in particle physics. The Large Hadron Collider, which was used to discover the Higgs boson, is a synchrotron. Sources Alvarez, Luis W. Ernest Orlando Lawrence. (1970): 251-294.†American Institute of Physics.† Lawrence and the bomb.† n.d.Berdahl, Robert M. The Lawrence Legacy. 10 December 2001.Birge, Raymond T. Presentation of the Nobel Prize to professor Ernest O. Lawrence. Science (1940): 323-329.Hiltzik, Michael. Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex. Simon Schuster, 2016.Keats, Jonathon. â€Å"The man who invented Big Science, Ernest Lawrence.† 16 July 2015.Rosenfeld, Carrie. â€Å"Ernest O. Lawrence (1901 - 1958).† n.d.Yarris, Lynn. â€Å"Lab mourns death of Molly Lawrence, widow of Ernest O. Lawrence.† January 8 2003.

Shakespeares Sonnet 3 Analysis

Shakespeares Sonnet 3 Analysis Shakespeare’s Sonnet 3: Look In Thy Glass, And Tell The Face Thou Viewest is elegantly written and noted for its simplicity and efficacy. The poet reminds us of the fair youth’s self-preoccupation; in the first line, Shakespeare mentions the fair youth looking into a mirror to remind us of his vanity: Look in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewest /  Now is the time that face should form another. The poet informs us that the fair youth is very much like his mother, suggesting that he is quite feminine. This comparison between the fair youth and a woman frequently features in Shakespeare’s sonnets. Shakespeare suggests that his beauty reminds the world and his mother of how pretty she once was. He is in his prime and should act now – if the fair youth continues to be single, his beauty will die with him. This analysis should be read in conjunction with the original text to Sonnet 3  from our collection of Shakespeare’s sonnets. The Facts ofSonnet 3 Sequence: Fair Youth SonnetsKey Themes: Procreation, a child providing evidence of one’s worth and former beauty, to abstain is to deny the world, preoccupation with the fair youth’s feminine features, death prohibiting the continuation of beauty, and obsession with the fair youth’s beautyStyle:  Traditional  sonnet form  in  iambic pentameter  Ã‚   Sonnet 3 Translation Look in the mirror and tell your face that now is the time your face should create another (to have a child). These youthful looks, if you do not procreate, will be lost and the world will be denied, as would the potential mother of your child. The woman who has not been fertilized would not frown upon the way you do the fertilizing. Are you so in love with yourself that you would let yourself perish rather than procreate? You look just like your mother and in you, she is able to see how beautiful she once was in her prime. When you are old you will see that despite your wrinkles, you will be so proud of what you did in your prime. But if you live and you do not breed you will die single and your beauty will die with you. Analysis The poet is frustrated at the Fair Youths refusal to procreate so that his beauty can live on through a child, rather than be lost to aging and death. Furthermore, by refusing to breed, the poet goes as far to suggest that the Fair Youth is denying a woman (or women in general) the pleasure of his beauty. In a later sonnet, it is referred to as a kind of crime to nature! All of this argument is built up to highlight the Fair Youths vanity once again - he was accused once again of self-love.   The poet implores the fair youth to procreate now. This urgency is apparent and the speaker clearly believes there is no time to spare, perhaps because his own feelings for the fair youths beauty are growing and he wants to deny these feelings by urging him into a heterosexual union as soon as possible before his feelings get out of control? The tone of this sonnet is also interesting. It marks the poets growing obsession over the Fair Youth and the intensity of the poet’s feelings towards the Fair Youth floods through. This continues to grow throughout the sonnets.

Are we our bodies or are we our minds Descartes and Nietzsche's Essay

Are we our bodies or are we our minds Descartes and Nietzsche's arguments - Essay Example I will discuss and compare arguments from both philosophers’ viewpoints in order to reach a conclusion. In â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy,† Rene Descartes begins to uncover the underlying truth for humankind through various methods. His ideas and thoughts were considered radical at that time, particularly because his arguments went against those made by Aristotle, upon which society perceived truth (SparkNotes Editors). Because of this fact, Descartes tried to entice Aristotelian philosophers into reading all six meditations by starting off light. The first meditation is supposed to build the groundwork and is not supposed to come up with any quick answers. Descartes conveys to himself that whatever he thinks he knows so far must be doubted in order to build a solid foundation that cannot be proven false. He argues in the first meditation that his body is faulty and is bound to make errors. This leads him to believe that it cannot be trusted in showing him what t he real truth is. In addition, he also starts to doubt his senses as they are an extension of his body and are thus flawed. Left with knowing nothing, Descartes slowly transcends into deep thought and begins to ponder if the world in which he lives is just a â€Å"universal dream† where some evil genius is trying to manipulate him in every possible way. The first meditation literally means â€Å"concerning those things that can be called into doubt.† This meditation raises many interesting concepts that Descartes attempts to explain. Descartes doubts his own beliefs because he recalls that they have deceived him previously. His reasoning is that if we have been deceived once, then there is the possibility that we may be deceived again. To avoid this from happening, Descartes believes that we must discard the ideas and thoughts that we doubt because they are untrustworthy. From these thoughts, Descartes come up with the idea of the Dream Argument. The explanation of thi s is that if he is dreaming or is being deceived, then his beliefs are unreliable. The concept of the Dream Argument shows up in the following meditations in the form of an â€Å"evil genius† who blinds everyone and tries to deceive us for his own benefit. Descartes explains how he feels that he is dreaming even when he is not. Descartes’ Dream Argument also suggests that he now has reasons to not believe his senses any longer because his senses are the tools in which he uses to perceive things around him. The upshot of Descartes’ argument is that he needs to hold judgment on his beliefs until they can be proven beyond belief. He admits that he habitually accepts truths about the world around him without basing his beliefs on proof. Skepticism is linked throughout Descartes’ first meditation; although he admits that no one can be fully skeptical of everything without good reason. However, he argues that it is difficult to justify dismissing skepticism (Sp arkNotes Editors). After Descartes finishes the key points of his first meditation, he then moves onto the second meditation. In the next meditation, Descartes makes a distinct argument for why the mind is important in our existence and for survival, and also how it is more known than the body is. Descartes builds upon his argument from the first meditation in his second meditation. This meditation is known as â€Å"on the nature of the human mind, which is better known than the body.† Descartes pushes forward in his quest for the absolute

International and Cross-Cultural Marketing Essay

International and Cross-Cultural Marketing - Essay Example The concept of cross cultural marketing suggests that it is important for the marketers to know that there is very little room for ethnocentrism in the modem 21st century and there is no culture that is superior to the other. Globalization is inevitable and so is ‘cross-culturalization’. Hence one of the key parameters of success for global firms would be the ability to distinguish and understand the cultural aspects of the host nations. The present context of the study has been conducted to analyze the international and cross cultural marketing strategy of Al- Jumeirah a UAE based luxury hotel chain. The host or target country has been selected as China. The reason for such choice is due to the fact that china is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and since the entry of china in to WTO various major companies are looking to enter the prospective Chinese market. ... egment; positioning; cultural; educational; demographic issues of China has been analyzed along a set of recommendations for Jumeirah for the future has been provided (Deresky, 2011, p. 231). Reasons making the transfer of practices attractive to the parent company Presence in Saturated Markets Prior to the entry to China Jumeirah has had presence in the saturated and matured economies like UAE (the home country), U.K., Germany. Such economies provide very few opportunities of growth. Also the economic downturn possessed additional threat to the luxury hotel chain. Hence in order to gain the competitive advantage and cope up with the volatile economy the hotel chain decided to enter China . (Doole and Lowe, 2008, p. 391) High amount capital gain from local market Another probable factor could be the relative strong position of the hotel chain that may have prompted the hotel chain to enter in China. Analysis (Findings) Factors influence the transfer of such practices Market Attractiv eness Entry of China to WTO In an attempt to welcome foreign companies invest in China after several years of negotiation the country became a member of WTO in September 2001. This opened up the economy of China as the trade related barriers went down. This was the beginning of the economic developments in China. Today China is regarded as one o the most emerging economies in the world (Appendix1). Educational Developments in China As foreign companies started to come to China; the demand for the skilled labours went up. Over the years the Chinese education system has gone through several reforms. The government has made considerable amount of investment to develop the colleges and universities. The focus of the government has shifted from quantity based education system to quality based

Double Standards Every Woman Should Know Essay Example for Free

Double Standards Every Woman Should Know Essay For this book analysis I chose to read a book from this list of books that hasn’t been mentioned much in class. We have been talking about God and topics that are more controversial in society. I read the book He’s a Stud, She’s a Slut, and 49 Other Double Standards Every Woman Should Know by Jessica Valenti. This book was easy to read with Valentis short essays and thoughts on modern feminism, stereotypes, and heightening ones awareness to pervasive myths about women. Double standards are nothing new. Women deal with them every day. Take the common truism that women who sleep around are sluts while men are studs. None of the information was really unexpected or suprising to me because it’s all true. Every women is stereotyped by the way she talks, the way she dresses, her personality, etc, while a man isn’t really stereotyped because people think it’s ok for men to do the things they do, that it makes him look like a stud not a player. The examples Valenti uses are familiar and widespread: he’s tough, she’s a tomboy; he’s a bachelor, she’s a spinster; he’s angry, she’s PMSing; he’s successful, she’s a showoff. Perhaps the most widely cited is the â€Å"he’s the boss, she’s a bitch† scenario, which has been the subject of countless editorials in the past decade. Some of the questions I was seeking to answer when reading this book were am I a feminist? What can feminism do for me? This book made me realize I am a feminist. I believe men and women should all have equal rights and opportunities. Some people may not want to admit they are feminist because they think that feminists are mean, angry, man hating, hairy, lesbians, but they really aren’t. In all of reality feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women. Some questions that have arisen are why is it that men grow distinguished and sexily gray as they age while women just get saggy and haggard? Isn’t it unfair that working moms are labeled bad for focusing on their careers while we shake our heads in disbelief when we hear about the occasional stay at home dad? 3a. â€Å"When I was in high school, I had a reputation—a bad one,† she writes. â€Å"It felt, at the time, like the reputation†¦had materialized out of nowhere. And I was confused.† That experience helped to shape her fascination with how the prevailing culture puts men and women into different categories, even when they act in the exact same way. She was categorized because of her sex which wasn’t fair to her, and it isn’t fair to many other women that are being categorized because of their sex. Men aren’t any better then women. 3b. When Valenti said â€Å"He’s dating a young woman, she’s a cougar?† Really? I thought men were cradle robbers. Men aren’t studs anymore, they’re usually players or, simply, douche bags. I probably agree that some double standards do exist but I tend to think that this whole patriarchal society thing, while it is somewhat valid, is honestly most often perpetuated by women j udging each other.

Investors and Hedge Funds Essay -- Business, Investment

Are hedge funds suitable for retail investors? There are many different reasons that mankind save and invest for. Generally, pension fund is the best choice for investors who are not keen to take risks. The pension fund is by far the highest number of investment that is low risk for many people. However, the pension fund is low return as well. â€Å"At annuity rate 8% of per annum (p.a.), a pension of  £20,000 a year requires a pension fund of  £250,000† (Redhead, 2008:1). In 1949, the first hedge fund was created by Alfred Jones. However, over the past 5 years, the expansion of the hedge funds is really incredible. According to the published statement, there was an increase in the number of hedge funds from 1,435 to 2,073 in 2005. Furthermore, in globally, the estimation of hedge funds is around 12,000 in 2006 (Strachman, 2007). Making a great deal of return in every market is an objective of hedge funds, that being able to make profit in any conditions whether positive, negative or stable. Hedge funds are usually a small private group which is suitable for wealthy people who accept high risk and keen to accept limitless liabilities for losses (Liang, 1999). The investment skills of the hedge funds managers may relate to the performance of hedge funds rather than market performance. Hedge funds use flexibility of investment strategy and style and also seek optimistic profits with irrespective to the way of markets. Short-selling, leverage and derivatives are often used by the managers of hedge fund. Flexibility, self-rule with admiration their investment plans and secrecy are desired by the most of hedge funds managers (Redhead, 2008:351). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) mentioned that the investors, invested in hedge funds, who ign... ...ured by kurtosis and skewnessâ€Å"(Redhead, 2008: 356). Gregoriou (2002) achieved with a survival study of hedge funds. It evaluates the possible life of whole and surely looks for the affected factors of the length of its life. He estimated that the mean life of them was 5.5 years. It also has several related factors which linked with long life such as large size, high returns low leverage, and low minimum purchase requirements. Because of poor performance was major cause to make the hedge funds be defunct initially. Baquero et al. (2005) also informed that great hedge funds with high returns were a reduced amount of result probable to pay a debt. As a result, investors who are investing with the hedge fund should deeply learn and concentrate on information of hedge funds’ life because the funds cannot be withdrawn throughout investment (Redhead, 2008:355). Investors and Hedge Funds Essay -- Business, Investment Are hedge funds suitable for retail investors? There are many different reasons that mankind save and invest for. Generally, pension fund is the best choice for investors who are not keen to take risks. The pension fund is by far the highest number of investment that is low risk for many people. However, the pension fund is low return as well. â€Å"At annuity rate 8% of per annum (p.a.), a pension of  £20,000 a year requires a pension fund of  £250,000† (Redhead, 2008:1). In 1949, the first hedge fund was created by Alfred Jones. However, over the past 5 years, the expansion of the hedge funds is really incredible. According to the published statement, there was an increase in the number of hedge funds from 1,435 to 2,073 in 2005. Furthermore, in globally, the estimation of hedge funds is around 12,000 in 2006 (Strachman, 2007). Making a great deal of return in every market is an objective of hedge funds, that being able to make profit in any conditions whether positive, negative or stable. Hedge funds are usually a small private group which is suitable for wealthy people who accept high risk and keen to accept limitless liabilities for losses (Liang, 1999). The investment skills of the hedge funds managers may relate to the performance of hedge funds rather than market performance. Hedge funds use flexibility of investment strategy and style and also seek optimistic profits with irrespective to the way of markets. Short-selling, leverage and derivatives are often used by the managers of hedge fund. Flexibility, self-rule with admiration their investment plans and secrecy are desired by the most of hedge funds managers (Redhead, 2008:351). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) mentioned that the investors, invested in hedge funds, who ign... ...ured by kurtosis and skewnessâ€Å"(Redhead, 2008: 356). Gregoriou (2002) achieved with a survival study of hedge funds. It evaluates the possible life of whole and surely looks for the affected factors of the length of its life. He estimated that the mean life of them was 5.5 years. It also has several related factors which linked with long life such as large size, high returns low leverage, and low minimum purchase requirements. Because of poor performance was major cause to make the hedge funds be defunct initially. Baquero et al. (2005) also informed that great hedge funds with high returns were a reduced amount of result probable to pay a debt. As a result, investors who are investing with the hedge fund should deeply learn and concentrate on information of hedge funds’ life because the funds cannot be withdrawn throughout investment (Redhead, 2008:355).

Kath Walker’s We Are Gloing

Basically the theme of the poem is the Aboriginals oppression. The fact they have had to give up on their old way of life and let go of the world that used to be theirs. The Aboriginals knew â€Å"We belong here, we are of the old ways† but eventually through white civilisation and development this life is â€Å"Gone and scattered,† everything is gone and now they had to leave. In summary, the theme of this poem is the oppression experienced by the Indigenous population that resulted in a loss of culture and life for the Indigenous now â€Å"gone and scattered. One example of a technique in the poem includes repetition such as that of the word ‘gone. ‘ The word gone typifies the themes of loss and it's repetition enforces this concept. Other techniques include alliteration such as ‘silent and subdued,' similes such as â€Å"Where now the many white men hurry about like ants,† capitalisation of the word Thunder, six stanza structure, first perso n narration etc. Good luck! The obvious technique is slow deliberate repetition. This reinforces the ancient sigh of a people dispossessed. All that is sacred has been violated. A history is being expunged. Alliteration: subdued and silent ( we even faintly hear the shush) Simile: white men hurry about like ants There are metaphors used by the naive speaker in this poem. They are the land, the elements, the fauna, the flora and the history. The warning is all this heart will be gone if the white man has his way. Kath Walker was right. Her warning was not heard. And they are gone! 1. Explain why they are â€Å"silent and subdued†. 2. How are white men represented? Why? 3. What is a bora ring and explain why it is so central to this poem. 4. Explain their reaction in line 8. 5. Lines 9-17 begin a ‘litany’. What is the effect produced? 6. Comment on the significance of metaphors used in the poem. 7. Comment on the structure and form of this poem. 8. Why does Thunder have a capital letter? 9. Comment on the mood and atmosphere created here. 10. Combine comments on its theme, title and conclusion. Answers 1. They were silent and subdued because little remained of their tribe and many strangers were busy at work like ants. 2. The white men were represented as ants because they were busy at work and hurrying around. 3. A bora ring is where an initiation is performed and is hardened earth done by foot which is surrounded by raised embankments in a formation of a circle and it is central because the bora ring is not being respected as a sign says, â€Å"Rubbish maybe tipped here†. 4. Their reaction meant that to the white men they are strangers and are treated like they don’t belong in Australia but the Aboriginals feel that the white men are the strangers and are in their land. 5. It gives an effect of showing their side of really saying that they are the real natives of Australia and not the white men and that now that they are the past. 6. It compares and shows how the Aboriginals feel. 7. It has six stanzas and has no rhyming pattern. 8. The emphasis the word as thunder is really the loud terrifying sound as a result of lightning. 9. They are in the fresh air of Australia near the Bora Ring and the mood is of sadness and subduedness because of how the Bora Ring is being mistreated. 10. ‘We are going’ are the three words in the title, conclusion and theme and portrays how the life of the Aboriginals would be as the Aboriginals are not welcome to their own homeland therefore they are saying that they will leave their old ways and be cast upon a low unwanted class forever.

Categorical imperative Essay

Abstract Immanuel Kantis one of the most influential philosophers in the history of the Western philosophy. His contribution two metaphysical epistemology, ethic, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movements that followed him. Kant believe that, in knowledge originated in our senses and that the mind is a blank slate, that becames populated with ideas by its interaction with the world. Kant Influence on Criminal Justice In New World Encyclopedia (2013) states that Immanuel Kant was born, and spent the majority of his life in the city Konigsberg , the capital of East Prussia. His father was a German craftsman. His parents baptized him as Emanuel Kant, which he later changed to Immanuel after learning Hebrew. He attended the Collegium Fridiciaum at the age of eight. After eight years of study in there, he went to the University of Konideberg where he studied philosophy and mathematics. The death of his father affected him greatly, however, with the support of a friend he earned and received his doctrine in 1756. After befriending the English merchant Joseph Green, who instilled in Kant arespect for living in accordance to strict observed rules of behavior, he began to live a very regulated life. For the remainder of his life Kant remain unmarried and owned only one piece of art in his household, advocating the absence of passion in flavor of logic. He never left Prussia and rarelyventured out oh his hometown. He was a respected and very competitive university professor for most of his life. Historical repute did not come to him until he was in his late 50’s. In 1740, he went to the University to study philosophers Gottfried Leinbniz and Christian Wolff under the tutelage of Martin Knutsen , who was familiar with the development of British philosophy and science. It is there that Knutsen introduced Kant to a new system of mathematics by Sir Isaac Newton (1997). In 1746, Kant wrote the paper on measurements of reflecting Leibniz’s influence. In 1755 he then became a private lecture at the University, and while there he published â€Å"Inquiry into the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morals† in which he examines the problem of having a logical system of philosophy that was connected with the world of natural philosophy, a concern typically of the period. In that same year he published a piece titled â€Å"In Dreams of a spirit-seer Elucidated by Dreams of Metaphysics†. For the next 10 years, he work solely on the architecture of his own philosophy. Then in 1781 he released the † Critique of Pure Reason†, This work was to become the most influential, widely cited, and distributed work in Western philosophy. He then followed with his work † Ground of Metaphysic of Morals†. Then in 1788 who wrote † Critique of Practical Reason† then he finished and perfected his work on † Critique of Judgment† (2005). Almost all of his work was attacked and criticize seriously, practically his ideas on category, or, the place of free will and determinism, and weather we are capable of processing true and corrected knowledge of eternal reality. In his life Kant wrote a number of lesser known essays on history, politics and the application of philosophy of life. When he died in 1804, he was working on an incomplete manuscript that has since been published as† Opus Postmum†. Immanuel Kant had an interesting system of beliefs. It’s based on the beliefs , that reasoning is the final authority for morality. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be done from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action the form for expediency for solely in obedience to the law or custom can be regarded as moral. Moral , according to Kant, is apt done for the right reasons. Kant what are you that to make a promise for wrong reason is not moral, in other words, you might as well not make the promise. You must have a duty, or, correct moral inside of you, and for your folly of lying, your actions would only give you away. Kant described in common command given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed because of moral rightness and necessity. It is also stated that Kant believe it to be irrational to perform in action if the action maxim contradicted itself once made into a universal law of nature (2013). In other words, before you act, you must decide what rules would be following if you were to act, whether you would are willing for rules to be followed by everyone. If you are willing to universalize the act, it must be moral; its not, then the act become morallyimpermissible. Kant police not the welfare of each individual should probably be regarded as in and itself, as stated in † Formula of the End† (2013) in itself: act in such a way that you always treating humanely weather in your own person or in the person of another, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. Kant believed that the moral rules are without exception. Therefore, it is wrong to kill all situations even the case of self defense. This thought comes from the Universal Law Theory (2010). Since we never wanted to in order to become a universal law then it must be a moral in all situations. For what Kant’ s describe in his rules of absolut Killing, according to Kant, could never made universal law, therefore it is wrong and each in every situation. There are never any extentuating circumstance, such as self defense. Is out current laws were left to Kant , people would be prosecuted for everything since there is no extentuating circumstances. Kant cateorical imperative is a tri-dynamic statement of philosophical thought: (1) Actso that the maximum of your will always hold, at the same time as principles is stablished universal law. (2) Acts so as to treat everything with the upmost humanity, including your own person as well as everyone else, and always as an end but never as a mean. (3) Act according to maxim as a universal legislative member of a mere potential Kingdom of ends (2010). In other words Kant’ s argument that particular actions require constant thoughts for roll covering it, that the rule is acceptable for universal action should be adopted, its not, then it should be rejected. In order to understand whether or not actions follow Kant’ s category imperative, we must prescribe post normal what we wish to be universal laws. The norms that create to value judgement are based on issues involving justice between a few people or groups or nation. He further states that thought his cognitive development of peaceful interaction of building of Republic, we can create a community as natural result of unimpeded development of human facilities (1997). Kant states that because we must believe in all the things develop to the fullest capacity, then we could the theorize that, in summary, through congnitive processes we can create community, based on moral (ethical) action towards every person, thereby creating universal ethic throughout the community. Refrence Immanuel Kant . (2013). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from World Wide Web. http://www. Britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/311398/Immanuel-Kant Immanuel Kant -Biography. (1997). In The Eurpean Graduate School. Retrieved September 30, 2013 from Immanuel Kant (2013, August 5). New World Encyclopedia,. Retrieved 00:44, September 30, 2013 From http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/p/index. php? title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=972023 Immanuel Kant -Biography. (1997). In The Eurpean Graduate School. Retrieved September 30, 2013 from http://www. egs. edu/library/immanuel-kant/biography/. Immanuel Kant (2013, August 5). New World Encyclopedic, . Retrieved 00:44 September 30, 2013 From http://newworldencyclopedia. org/P/index. php? title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=972023 McCormick, M. (2005). Immanuel Kant: Metaphysics. In Internet Encyclopedic of Philosophy (April 17, 2001 ed. ) Retrieved September 30, 2013 from http://www. iep. utm. edu/Kantmeta/ Rolf, Micheal. † Immanuel Kant. † The Standford Encyclopedic of Philosophy. Ed. Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2010 ed. 2010. Stanford University. Web 30 Sept. 2013. References.

Free Essays on Michealangelo Vinci

Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sen se of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life- representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer border; an intermediate series of figures; ... Free Essays on Michealangelo Vinci Free Essays on Michealangelo Vinci Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sen se of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life- representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer border; an intermediate series of figures; ...

How to Make Rock Salt

How to Make Rock Salt Rock salt is a natural, unrefined salt consisting of large crystals with mineral impurities. Sometimes the impurities color the salt. For example, natural salt occurs in white, pink, red, and black. The grain size, color, and flavor make rock salt popular for recipes, bath products, and crafts, but it can be expensive! You can make your own rock salt substitute from regular table salt. Rock Salt Materials Salt (NaCl) - You can use iodized salt, uniodized salt, or sea salt.WaterFood coloring (optional) Grow Rock Salt Crystals Heat the water to a rolling boil. Very hot tap water is not hot enough because salt solubility depends on temperature.Stir in salt until no more will dissolve.If desired, add a couple of drops of food coloring. Two drops of red and one of yellow will give you rock salt that resembles pink Himalayan rock salt.Pour the solution into a clean container. For the cleanest crystals, avoid getting undissolved salt into this new container. On the other hand, for the quickest results, leave the undissolved salt to help start crystal growth.Let the salt crystals grow. As the water evaporates, the liquid becomes more concentrated and the crystals will grow more quickly. When you are satisfied with the amount you have (or the crystals stop growing), pour off the remaining liquid and let the salt dry. You can break it into pieces and store it in a sealed bag or jar.

Analysis of the War on Terror Discourse from the Perspective of Dissertation

Analysis of the War on Terror Discourse from the Perspective of Systemic - Functional Linguistics - Dissertation Example Halliday’s Systemic-Functional Linguistics. Before we go into the actual formation in the speeches, let us first re-examine the core essence of the Interpersonal Metafunction within SFL itself. There are three component areas: the speaker/writer persona, social distance, and relative social status. Interpersonal Metafunction within SFL Societies, or individual if you like, form contexts based on experience. The evolution of experience, therefore, equals the evolution of meaning. However, the system of this formation is more a maze than a cycle because almost every components is a variable whose value is relative to almost every receiver in the formation of the experience. On the interpersonal level, the context and meaning of a text depends largely on speaker/writer, the giver of the text. From the image, persona, and all that constructs the speaker/writer stands for, the context is formed and subsequent meaning to the text is attached. It is, therefore, almost impossible to e xamine any process of information exchange by isolating the speaker or source of the message from historical frameworks. By now, some of you are probably saying that contexts are also largely formed by the receiver’s personal experience. ... However, expressions of future orientation or modalities are not independent causations that you can examine in isolation. In fact, these are results rather than causes of a long process where language is constructed, evolved, deconstructed and elevated to a position of power that can change countries and its destiny. A political speech is one clear example of how the interpersonal metafunction can influence and even manipulate human experience through systematic functional linguistics. Political speeches are delivered rarely as a mode of reporting. Political speeches are delivered to convince, gain votes, get approval of current and prospective voters primarily and all the other secondarily. There is, perhaps, no other platform of communication where meanings are pre-formed even before actual linguistics than a political speech. The persona or source of the message has already formed his meanings through the political parties he or she has chosen to join, stance on political issues, overall media behaviour, and even, physical appearance. The personal forms the social standing and establishes the social distance. Yes, those meanings can be changed as receivers form their own contexts but it can also be enforced once the speaker imposes his or her own using different rhetoric, form different ideas, and establish different presets. The rhetoric used in that speech was one that inspired, not forced take note, the entire nation into war. The text that was used, the thematic formation, and the poetry above the message operated across texts and across time. To demonstrate how the Interpersonal Metafunction in a Political Speech can manipulate human

Managing Innovation and Creativity at Topman Essay

Managing Innovation and Creativity at Topman - Essay Example One such business is Topman the seller of men’s fashion. Topman is actually a stand-alone fashion business that was started by Peter Robinson in 1978. Topman exclusively caters to men and their stores can be found throughout the United Kingdom. The point that Topman wants to make is to â€Å"provide a new approach to menswear retailing† (Fashion Model Directory, 2011). Their main product offering is men’s fashionable clothes from formal suits to casual styles; they also carry footwear and accessories. Topman states that they have something for any fellow who is looking for something unique and different. Some of the designer clothes they carry includes items by Fred Perry, Licentious, Carolyn Massey, Material Boy, Dexter Wong Ltd. Topman is also interested in collaborating with young designers and they have worked with Markus Lupfer, Peter Jensen, Kim Jones and they have launched their own premium label called, â€Å"Topman Design.† Topman is also collabor ating with Fashion East to produce a menswear event â€Å"MAN† that takes place during London Fashion Week.... Each company creates their own corporate culture and the owners must be able to express their vision for the business to their employees and to their target market. Creativity is also a large part of advertising. The more creative a business owner is in their advertising, the easier it will be to capture the audience they want to capture. Wallas (qtd. in McLeod 2009) states that there are five stages of creativity that are quite relevant to this discussion. The five stages that Wallas described were: 1. Preparation – the individual begins to work on a particular problem and begins to think about the problem. 2. Incubation – the individual continues to think about the problem mentally but does not yet do anything physically about it. 3. Intimation – the creative individual now begins to get ideas about the problem and how they can work with it. 4. Illumination or insight – the creative individual now has some ideas to begin putting on paper or constructing to solve the problem. 5. Verification – the individual finally understands what they need to do in the problem and they begin to consciously do something about it. These five stages seem to imply that creativity is more an unconscious process that comes into consciousness for the individual. This shows how people are inspired to do great things. 1.2 Topman and Creativity Topman has worked hard to differentiate itself from other clothing designers and retailers. It is part of another business called TopShop and both stores cater to men’s fashions. Men can find reasonably proceed apparel that was created by well known designers or by new, up and coming designers.